QUICK REFERENCE
- Symbol: Au
- Atomic Number: 79
- Atomic Weight: 196.966569
- Element Classification: Transition Metal
- Discovered By: Known to ancient civilizations
- Discovery Date: Used by humans for at least 5,000 years
- Name Origin: Anglo-Saxon ‘gold’; Latin: ‘aurum’ meaning shining dawn
- Density(g/cc): 19.32
- Melting Point: 1064.18°C
- Boiling Point: 2856°C
- Appearance: Bright yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal
- Atomic Radius(pm): 144
Discovery
Gold has been known and valued by humans for at least 5,000 years, making it one of the first metals to be used by ancient civilizations. Its discovery predates recorded history, with gold artifacts dating back to the early Chalcolithic period. Gold’s natural beauty, luster, and rarity have made it an enduring symbol of wealth and status throughout human history. The name “gold” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word ‘gold’, and its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word ‘aurum’, meaning shining dawn.
Relation to Other Elements
Gold is a transition metal, part of the 11th group of the periodic table, which also includes copper and silver. These metals are known for their conductivity, malleability, and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Gold is distinguished by its high density, softness, and its unique color. It is chemically inert, which means it does not tarnish, rust, or corrode under normal conditions.
Natural Occurrence
Gold is found in its native metallic form, either in alluvial deposits as nuggets and grains in riverbeds or as veins in rock formations. It can also be found in association with quartz and sulfide minerals. The primary methods of gold mining include placer mining and hard rock mining. Major gold-producing countries include China, Australia, Russia, and the United States.
Uses
Gold’s properties have led to its use in a wide variety of applications:
- Jewelry: Due to its luster and resistance to tarnishing, gold has been widely used in jewelry and decorative objects for thousands of years.
- Finance and Investment: Gold is a key material for coins and bullion, serving as a store of value and investment. It plays a significant role in the global financial system.
- Electronics: Gold’s excellent electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion make it valuable for use in connectors, switches, and other critical electronic components.
- Medicine: Gold compounds are used in some medical treatments, including the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Gold nanoparticles are also being researched for their potential in cancer therapy and diagnostics.
- Aerospace: Due to its ability to reflect infrared radiation and resist corrosion, gold is used in the aerospace industry, particularly in spacecraft components.
The discovery and use of gold have profoundly influenced human culture, economics, and technology throughout history. Its enduring value and wide range of applications continue to make it a highly sought-after metal in modern times.